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2\u3001\u5f62\u8c8c\u8868\u5f81<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \uff081\uff09\u626b\u63cf\u7535\u955c\uff08SEM\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n \u6536\u96c6\u6837\u54c1\u8868\u9762\u7684\u4e8c\u6b21\u7535\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u53cd\u5e94\u6837\u54c1\u7684\u8868\u9762\u5f62\u8c8c\u548c\u7c97\u7cd9\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e26\u6709EDS\u914d\u4ef6\u7684SEM\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u6790\u5143\u7d20\u79cd\u7c7b\u3001\u5206\u5e03\u4ee5\u53ca\u534a\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5143\u7d20\u542b\u91cf\u3002\u867d\u7136SEM\u7684\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u8fdc\u5c0f\u4e8eTEM\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4ecd\u662f\u8868\u5f81\u7535\u6c60\u6750\u6599\u7684\u9897\u7c92\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u8868\u9762\u5f62\u8c8c\u7684\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5de5\u5177<\/span><\/p>\n 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\u9ec4\u5efa\u5b87\u7b49\u5229\u7528\u539f\u4f4d\u6837\u54c1\u6746\u5bf9SnO2\u5728\u79bb\u5b50\u6db2\u4f53\u4e2d\u5d4c\u8131\u9502\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5f62\u8c8c\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u6f14\u5316\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u539f\u4f4d\u8868\u5f81\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6<\/span>\u4eec\u5bf9TEM\u539f\u4f4d\u7535\u6c60\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u5728\u91d1\u5c5eLi\u4e0a\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u6c27\u5316\u9502\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7535\u89e3\u8d28\uff0c\u4ee3\u66ff\u4e86\u539f\u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u79bb\u5b50\u6db2\u4f53\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e86\u7535\u955c\u8154\u4f53[9,10]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u6269\u5c55\u9605\u8bfb\uff1a\u5b66\u672f\u5e72\u8d27\u2502\u539f\u4f4d\u900f\u5c04\u7535\u955c\u5728\u6750\u6599\u6c14\u6db2\u76f8\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/a><\/p>\n \uff083\uff09\u539f\u5b50\u529b\u663e\u5fae\u955c\uff08AFM\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n \u7eb3\u7c73\u7ea7\u5e73\u6574\u8868\u9762\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5728\u78b3\u6750\u6599\u7684\u8868\u5f81\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u8f83\u591a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n 3\u3001\u6676\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u8868\u5f81<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \uff081\uff09X\u5c04\u7ebf\u884d\u5c04\u6280\u672f\uff08XRD\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n \u901a\u8fc7XRD\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u6750\u6599\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u7ed3\u6676\u5ea6\u3001\u5e94\u529b\u3001\u7ed3\u6676\u53d6\u5411\u3001\u8d85\u7ed3\u6784\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u6620\u5757\u4f53\u6750\u6599\u5e73\u5747\u6676\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u7684\u6676\u80de\u7ed3\u6784\u53c2\u6570\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u62df\u5408\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u539f\u5b50\u5360\u4f4d\u4fe1\u606f<\/span><\/p>\n Thurston\u7b49\u9996\u6b21\u5c06\u539f\u4f4d\u7684XRD\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u9502\u79bb\u5b50\u7535\u6c60\u4e2d\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5229\u7528\u540c\u6b65\u8f90\u5c04\u5149\u6e90\u7684\u786cX\u5c04\u7ebf\u63a2\u6d4b\u539f\u4f4d\u7535\u6c60\u88c5\u7f6e\u4e2d\u7684\u4f53\u7535\u6781\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u6676\u683c\u81a8\u80c0\u548c\u6536\u7f29\u3001\u76f8\u53d8\u3001\u591a\u76f8\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \uff082\uff09\u6269\u5c55X\u5c04\u7ebf\u5438\u6536\u7cbe\u7ec6\u8c31\uff08EXAFS\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n \u901a\u8fc7X 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Jung\u7b49\u901a\u8fc7\u7528EXAFS\u5206\u6790\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5d4cSnOx\uff0fCuOx\u7684\u78b3\u7eb3\u7c73\u8d1f\u6781\u6750\u6599\u7684\u7535\u5316\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5d4cSnOx\uff0fCuOx\u7684\u78b3\u7eb3\u7c73\u7ea4\u7ef4\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86SnOx\u9897\u7c92\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5bfc\u81f4\u7535\u5316\u5b66\u6027\u80fd\u6709\u6240\u63d0\u5347[12]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \uff083\uff09\u4e2d\u5b50\u884d\u5c04\uff08ND\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n \u5f53\u9502\u79bb\u5b50\u7535\u6c60\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\uff0cX 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NMR\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5206\u8fa8\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u8fa8\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u63a2\u6d4b\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u6210\u50cf\uff0c\u63a2\u6d4b\u679d\u6676\u53cd\u5e94\u3001\u6d4b\u5b9a\u9502\u79bb\u5b50\u81ea\u6269\u6563\u7cfb\u6570\u3001\u5bf9\u9897\u7c92\u5185\u90e8\u76f8\u8f6c\u53d8\u53cd\u5e94\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n Grey\u7b49\u5bf9NMR\u5728\u9502\u79bb\u5b50\u7535\u6c60\u6b63\u6781\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u8868\u660e\u4ece\u6b63\u6781\u6750\u6599\u7684NMR\u8c31\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97<\/span>\u5230\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u4fe1\u606f\u53ca\u5c40\u90e8\u7535\u8377\u6709\u5e8f\u65e0\u5e8f\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a2\u6d4b\u987a\u78c1\u6216\u91d1\u5c5e\u6001\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a2\u6d4b\u63ba\u6742\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5fae\u5f31\u53d8\u5316\u6765\u53cd\u6620\u5143\u7d20\u5316\u5408\u6001\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u7ed3\u5408\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u793a\u8e2a\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u7535\u6c60\u4e2d\u7684\u526f\u53cd\u5e94\u7b49[14]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \uff085\uff09\u7403\u5dee\u6821\u6b63\u626b\u63cf\u900f\u5c04\u7535\u955c\uff08STEM\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n 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\uff081\uff09\u4e2d\u5b50\u884d\u5c04\uff08ND\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n \u7ed3\u5408\u6700\u5927\u71b5\u6a21\u62df\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u7535\u6781\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u7684Li+<\/sup>\u6269\u6563\u901a\u9053\u7684\u4fe1\u606f[19]<\/span><\/p>\n \uff082\uff09\u6838\u78c1\u5171\u632f\uff08NMR\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n \u6d4b\u5f97\u4e00\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6838\u78c1\u5171\u632f\u8c31\u968f\u70ed\u5904\u7406\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6d4b\u5f97Li+<\/sup>\u7684\u81ea\u6269\u6563\u7cfb\u6570<\/span><\/p>\n Gobet\u7b49\u5229\u7528\u8109\u51b2\u68af\u5ea6\u573a\u7684NMR\u6280\u672f\u8868\u5f81\u4e86\u03b2-Li3PS4\u56fa\u4f53\u4e2d1<\/sup>H\u30016.7<\/sup>Li\u300131<\/sup>P\u6838\u78c1\u5171\u632f\u8c31\u968f\u70ed\u5904\u7406\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6d4b\u5f97\u4e86Li+<\/sup>\u7684\u81ea\u6269\u6563\u7cfb\u6570\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u524d\u62a5\u9053\u7684Li+<\/sup>\u7535\u5bfc\u7387\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\u4e00\u81f4[20]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \uff083\uff09\u539f\u5b50\u529b\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7cfb\u5217\u6280\u672f\uff08AFM\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n \u5229\u7528\u9488\u5c16\u539f\u5b50\u4e0e\u6837\u54c1\u8868\u9762\u539f\u5b50\u95f4\u7684\u8303\u5fb7\u534e\u4f5c\u7528\u529b\u6765\u53cd\u9988\u6837\u54c1\u8868\u9762\u5f62\u8c8c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002AFM\u5177\u5907\u9ad8\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\uff08\u7ea60.1\u00c5\uff09\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5206\u8fa8\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4e0d\u63a2\u6d4b\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u80fd\u91cf\u5206\u8fa8\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e0e1996\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u9502\u79bb\u5b50\u7535\u6c60\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c<\/p>\n Zhu\u7b49\u91c7\u7528\u56fa\u6001\u7535\u89e3\u8d28\u901a\u8fc7\u78c1\u63a7\u6e85\u5c04\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5236\u5907\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u7535\u6c60\uff0c\u518d\u901a\u8fc7in situ AFM\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u68c0\u6d4bTi02\u8d1f\u6781\u8868\u9762<\/span>\u5f62\u8c8c\u968f\u6240\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u6ce2\u5f62\u7535\u538b\u7684\u53d8\u5316[21]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n 6\u3001\u6750\u6599\u5fae\u89c2\u529b\u5b66\u6027\u8d28<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \u7535\u6c60\u6750\u6599\u4e00\u822c\u4e3a\u591a\u6676\uff0c\u9897\u7c92\u5185\u90e8\u5b58\u5728\u5e94\u529b\u3002\u5728\u5145\u653e\u7535\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9502\u7684\u5d4c\u5165\u8131\u51fa\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u6676\u683c\u81a8\u80c0\u6536\u7f29\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5c40\u90e8\u5e94\u529b\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u9897\u7c92\u4ee5\u53ca\u7535\u6781\u7684\u4f53\u79ef\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u5e94\u529b\u91ca\u653e\u3001\u51fa\u73b0\u6676\u683c\u5806\u579b\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u9897\u7c92\u3001\u7535\u6781\u5c42\u4ea7\u751f\u88c2\u7eb9\u3002<\/p>\n \uff081\uff09\u539f\u5b50\u529b\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u7cfb\u5217\u6280\u672f\uff08AFM\uff09\u4e0e\u7eb3\u7c73\u538b\u5370\u6280\u672f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728TEM\u4e2d\u4e0e\u7eb3\u7c73\u63a2\u9488\u3001STM\u63a2\u9488\u8054\u5408\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/span><\/p>\n \u89c2\u5bdf\u5f62\u8c8c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u56fa\u6001\u7535\u6c60\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u539f\u4f4d\u529b\u5b66\u7279\u6027\u3001\u5e94\u529b\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf<\/span><\/p>\n Jeong\u7b49\u91c7\u7528AFM\u539f\u4f4d\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e86HOPG\u57fa\u9762\u5728\u5faa\u73af\u4f0f\u5b89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8868\u9762\u819c\u7684\u539a\u5ea6[22].<\/span><\/p>\n \uff082\uff09SPM\u63a2\u9488<\/span><\/p>\n \u7528\u9014\uff1a\u7814\u7a76SEI\u819c\u7684\u529b\u5b66\u7279\u6027<\/span><\/p>\n \u5728\u63a5\u89e6\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6052\u529b\u5c06\u63a2\u9488\u624e\u5165\u819c\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u5f97\u5230\u8be5\u5904\u624e\u5165\u6df1\u5ea6\u968f\u529b\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u66f2\u7ebf\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u6768\u6c0f\u6a21\u91cf\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f[23]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n 7\u3001\u6750\u6599\u8868\u9762\u529f\u51fd\u6570<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \uff081\uff09\u5f00\u5c14\u6587\u63a2\u9488\u529b\u663e\u5fae\u955c\uff08KPFM\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n \u901a\u8fc7\u63a2\u6d4b\u8868\u9762\u7535\u52bf\u5bf9\u63a2\u9488\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u529b\uff0c\u6765\u5f97\u5230\u6837\u54c1\u8868\u9762\u7684\u7535\u52bf\u5206\u5e03<\/span><\/p>\n agpure\u7b49\u5229\u7528\u5f00\u5c14\u6587\u63a2\u9488\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u6280\u672f(KPFM)\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e86\u8001\u5316\u540e\u7684\u9502\u79bb\u5b50\u7535\u6c60\u8868\u9762\u7535\u52bf\uff0c\u8001\u5316\u540e\u7684\u7535\u6c60\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u8868\u9762\u7535\u52bf\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u9897\u7c92\u5c3a\u5bf8\u3001\u8868\u9762\u5c42\u7684\u76f8\u53d8\u4ee5\u53ca\u65b0\u6c89\u79ef\u7269\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[24]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \uff082\uff09\u7535\u5b50\u5168\u606f<\/span><\/p>\n \u6d4b\u5230\u5168\u56fa\u6001\u9502\u79bb\u5b50\u7535\u6c60\u5145\u653e\u7535\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7535\u52bf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u7535\u52bf\u5728\u754c\u9762\u7684\u5206\u5e03<\/span><\/p>\n Yamamoto\u5c0f\u7ec4\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u5b50\u5168\u606f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u4e86\u5168\u56fa\u6001\u9502\u79bb\u5b50\u7535\u6c60\u5145\u653e\u7535\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7535\u52bf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u7535\u52bf\u5728\u754c\u9762\u7684\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e86\u7535\u52bf\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u6b63\u6781\uff0f\u7535\u89e3\u8d28\u754c\u9762\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba[25]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \uff083\uff09\u5149\u53d1\u5c04\u7535\u5b50\u663e\u5fae\u955c\uff08PEEM\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n \u7528\u4e8e\u5f97\u5230\u8868\u9762\u7535\u52bf\u7684\u5206\u5e03<\/span><\/p>\n \u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8868\u5f81\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f1a\u7528\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u8868\u5f81\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u89d2\u5206\u8fa8\u5149\u7535\u5b50\u80fd\u8c31\uff08ARPES\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u9014\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u91cf\u6750\u6599\u80fd\u5e26\u7ed3\u6784\uff1b\uff082\uff09DFT\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u7528\u9014\uff1a\u83b7\u5f97\u6750\u6599\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u7535\u5b50\u6df9\u6ca1\u6280\u672f\uff08PAT\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u9014\uff1a\u6d4b\u91cf\u7f3a\u9677\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\uff1b\uff084\uff09\u5362\u745f\u798f\u80cc\u6563\u5c04\uff08RBS\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u9014\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d4b\u91cf\u8584\u819c\u7ec4\u6210\uff1b\uff085\uff09\u5171\u632f\u975e\u5f39\u6027X\u5c04\u7ebf\u6563\u5c04\uff08RIXS\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u9014\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u539f\u5b50\u95ee\u78c1\u6027\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff1b\uff086\uff09\u4fc4\u6b47\u7535\u5b50\u6210\u50cf\u6280\u672f\uff08AES\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u9014\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u63a2\u6d4b\u9897\u7c92\u3001\u7535\u6781\u8868\u9762\u9502\u5143\u7d20\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7Ar\u79bb\u5b50\u5265\u8680\u8fd8\u53ef\u8fdb\u884c\u5143\u7d20\u6df1\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\u7b49\u3002<\/span>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u9502\u7535\u65f6\uff0c\u7535\u5316\u5b66\u8868\u5f81\u4e5f\u662f\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u76f8\u5173\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n [1]\u00a0Aurbach D, Markovsky B, Salitra G, et al. Review on electrode\u2013electrolyte solution interactions, related to cathode materials for Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 165(2): 491-499.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [2]\u00a0Ota H, Akai T, Namita H, et al. XAFS and TOF\u2013SIMS analysis of SEI layers on electrodes[J]. Journal of power sources, 2003, 119: 567-571.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [3]\u00a0Castle J E, Decker F, Salvi A M, et al. XPS and TOF\u2010SIMS study of the distribution of Li ions in thin films of vanadium pentoxide after electrochemical intercalation[J]. Surface and Interface Analysis, 2008, 40(3\u20104): 746-750.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [4] Hu Y, Kong W, Li H, et al. Experimental and theoretical studies on reduction mechanism of vinyl ethylene carbonate on graphite anode for lithium ion batteries[J]. Electrochemistry communications, 2004, 6(2): 126-131.<\/span><\/p>\n [5 ]Al-Sharab J F, Bentley J, Badway F, et al. EELS compositional and valence mapping in iron fluoride\u2013carbon nanocomposites[J]. Journal of nanoparticle research, 2013, 15(4): 1-12.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [6]\u00a0Sun X, Hegde M, Wang J, et al. Structural Analysis and Electrochemical Studies of Carbon Coated Li4Ti5O12 Particles Used as Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery[J]. ECS Transactions, 2014, 58(14): 79-88.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [7]\u00a0Kobayashi H, Shikano M, Koike S, et al. Investigation of positive electrodes after cycle testing of high-power Li-ion battery cells: I. An approach to the power fading mechanism using XANES[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 174(2): 380-386.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [8]\u00a0Li W, Zheng H, Chu G, et al. Effect of electrochemical dissolution and deposition order on lithium dendrite formation: a top view investigation[J]. Faraday discussions, 2014, 176: 109-124.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [9]\u00a0Huang J Y, Zhong L, Wang C M, et al. In situ observation of the electrochemical lithiation of a single SnO2 nanowire electrode[J]. Science, 2010, 330(6010): 1515-1520.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [10]\u00a0Liu X H, Huang J Y. In situ TEM electrochemistry of anode materials in lithium ion batteries[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2011, 4(10): 3844-3860.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [11]\u00a0Thurston T R, Jisrawi N M, Mukerjee S, et al. Synchrotron x\u2010ray diffraction studies of the structural properties of electrode materials in operating battery cells[J]. Applied physics letters, 1996, 69(2): 194-196.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [12]\u00a0Jung H R, Cho S J, Kim K N, et al. Electrochemical properties of electrospun Cu x O (x= 1, 2)-embedded carbon nanofiber with EXAFS analysis[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2011, 56(19): 6722-6731.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [13]\u00a0Arbi K, Hoelzel M, Kuhn A, et al. Structural Factors That Enhance Lithium Mobility in Fast-Ion Li1+ x Ti2\u2013x Al x (PO4) 3 (0\u2264 x\u2264 0.4) Conductors Investigated by Neutron Diffraction in the Temperature Range 100\u2013500 K[J]. Inorganic chemistry, 2013, 52(16): 9290-9296.<\/span><\/p>\n [14]\u00a0Grey C P, Dupr\u00e9 N. NMR studies of cathode materials for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2004, 104(10): 4493-4512.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [15]\u00a0Oshima Y, Sawada H, Hosokawa F, et al. Direct imaging of lithium atoms in LiV2O4 by spherical aberration-corrected electron microscopy[J]. Journal of electron microscopy, 2010, 59(6): 457-461.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n