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Nottingham \u6559\u6388\u5b66\u4e60\u7269\u7406\u7535\u5b50\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bfb\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8bfe\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u8bd5\u540e\u624d\u80fd\u9009\u62e9\u5bfc\u5e08\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u8003\u8bd5\u6210\u7ee9\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u8003\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u540d\uff0cW.B. Nottingham \u6559\u6388\u5f02\u5e38\u9ad8\u5174\uff0c\u6709\u610f\u628a\u4ed6\u62db\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u95e8\u4e0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u91cc\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u9a6c\u4e0a\u8981\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u82f1\u96c4\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u90a3\u65f6\u5bf9\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u60f3\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u7684\u5bfc\u5e08\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5728\u4efb\u4e4b\u606d\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u540c\u610f\u505a\u4e86 W.B. Nottingham \u6559\u6388\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u751f\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u9634\u6781\u70ed\u7535\u5b50\u53d1\u5c04\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u5bf9\u519b\u4e8b\u9886\u57df\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u8bfe\u9898\u5f97\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u3001\u7a7a\u519b\u7b49\u90e8\u95e8\u8054\u5408\u8d44\u52a9\u3002\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u5bf9\u5728\u52a0\u901f\u573a\u548c\u51cf\u901f\u573a\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u9634\u6781\u7684\u70ed\u79bb\u5b50\u53d1\u5c04\u505a\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f97\u5230\u5bfc\u5e08\u7684\u6b23\u8d4f\uff0c\u63a8\u8350\u4ed6\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u5e74\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e2a\u53d7\u9080\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bba\u6587\u201c Thermionic Emission from Oxide Cathodes: Retarding and Accelerating Fields\u201d 1950 \u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u5728 J. Applied Physics \u4e0a\u3002 \u4ee5\u524d\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u559c\u6b22\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\uff0c\u4e0d\u592a\u64c5\u957f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u8bfb\u535a\u58eb\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u9010\u6e10\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u559c\u6b22\u52a8\u624b\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u642d\u5efa\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u53f0\u7f8e\u89c2\u3001\u9002\u7528\u3001\u6240\u5f97\u6570\u636e\u51c6\u786e\uff0c\u6df1\u5f97\u5bfc\u5e08\u548c\u540c\u884c\u8d5e\u8bb8\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u653b\u8bfb\u535a\u58eb\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u674e\u6ee2\u76f8\u8bc6\u76f8\u7231\uff0c\u6536\u83b7\u4e86\u7231\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1948 \u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8054\u7cfb\u5230\u4e86\u666e\u6e21\u5927\u5b66\u505a\u535a\u58eb\u540e\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6b63\u5728\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u662f\u70ed\u95e8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u666e\u6e21\u7684\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u5f88\u6709\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u7531 K. Lark Horovitz \u6559\u6388\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u6709\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u4eba\u30021940 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u666e\u6e21\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u79ef\u6781\u6295\u5165\u4e86\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5bf9\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7269\u7406\u7279\u5f81\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ec4\u6210\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u6280\u672f\u751f\u957f\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u9517\u5355\u6676\uff0c\u5b9a\u91cf\u5730\u63a7\u5236\u6742\u8d28\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u548c\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63ba\u6742\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u5149\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u4f4e\u6e29\u7535\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u666e\u6e21\u5927\u5b66\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u9886\u5148\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u66f4\u8ba9\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff08Bell Laboratory\uff09\u7684 John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain \u548c William B.Shockley 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\u5e74\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u7ed3\u675f\u666e\u6e21\u5927\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u51c6\u5907\u53bb\u6b27\u6d32\u7559\u5b66\u7684\u524d\u4e24\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\uff0c\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u53c8\u6536\u5230\u4e00\u6279\u6837\u54c1\uff0c\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e2d\u5b50\u8f90\u7167\u8fc7\u7684\u6837\u54c1\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u4e2d\u5b17\u53d8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u9553\u3001\u7837\u6742\u8d28\u542b\u91cf\u3002\u4ed6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u884c\u7a0b\u800c\u61c8\u6020\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u52a0\u73ed\u52a0\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u6070\u6070\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u6279\u6837\u54c1\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5f25\u8865\u4e86\u4e4b\u524d\u6570\u636e\u4e0a\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7535\u963b\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u6742\u8d28\u542b\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u6e05\u6670\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7981\u5e26\u6742\u8d28\u80fd\u7ea7\u5bfc\u7535\u552f\u8c61\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4e0e\u666e\u6e21\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u4eba\u5458\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u5199\u4e86\u4e24\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u6295\u5230 Physics Review\uff0c\u4e00\u7bc7\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u9517\u5355\u6676\u4f4e\u6e29\u7535\u5bfc\u548c\u970d\u5c14\u6548\u5e94\u53cd\u5e38\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e00\u7bc7\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u5e38\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e24\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u671f\u4ee5 Letter \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u520a\u51fa\u3002\u968f\u540e\u4ed6\u53c8\u8fdb\u884c\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u64b0\u5199\u4e86 11 \u9875\u7bc7\u5e45\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5ba1\u7a3f\u4eba\u4e3a\u8096\u514b\u83b1\uff08Schockley\uff09, \u8096\u514b\u83b1\u4e00\u76f4\u62d6\u5ef6\u5ba1\u7a3f\uff0c\u76f4\u52301954 \u5e74\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u624d\u5728Physics Review \u520a\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bba\u6587\u5728\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u95f4\u88ab\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u5927\u91cf\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u8be5\u53d1\u73b0\u88ab\u9ec4\u6606\u79f0\u4e3a \u201c\u6d2a\u6c0f\u80fd\u7ea7\u201d \u3002\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u540e\u6765\u901a\u5411\u975e\u6676\u6001\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u65b0\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u975e\u6676\u6001\u56fa\u4f53\u4e2d\u7535\u5b50\u8f93\u8fd0\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u666e\u6e21\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u63a5\u66ff\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u7ee7\u7eed\u4ece\u4e8b\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u662f\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u5f53\u65f6\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u5b66\u751f Hellmut Fritzsche\u3002\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of Chicago\uff09\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\uff0c1989 \u83b7 Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter \u5956\uff08\u7f8e\u56fd\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7269\u7406\u9886\u57df\u6700\u9ad8\u5956\uff09\u3002Fritzsche \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u4e4b\u4e00\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u4e0e\u83ab\u7279\uff08N.F. Mott\uff09\u5171\u540c\u5efa\u7acb\u975e\u6676\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684Mott-CFO \u80fd\u5e26\u6a21\u578b(CFO \u662f\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u7f29\u5199\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684 F \u662f Fritzsche)\u3002\u800c\u201c\u6d2a\u6c0f\u80fd\u7ea7\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u83ab\u7279\u7684\u53d8\u7a0b\u8df3\u8dc3\u5bfc\u7535\u7406\u8bba\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u30022010\u5e74 9 \u6708 17 \u65e5\uff0cHellmut Fritzsche \u5199\u6765\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c01\u4fe1\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u4fe1\u4e2d\u79f0\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u8001\u5e08\uff0c\u5e76\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5728\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u56de\u56fd\u540e\u4ed6\u5982\u4f55\u5bfb\u627e\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u627e\u5230\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u5f53\u9762\u8868\u8fbe\u5bf9\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u7684\u611f\u8c22\u3002\u5728 1980 \u5e74 Fritzsche \u53d7\u9080\u8bf7\u6765\u534e\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e2d\u79d1\u9662\u7845\u9178\u76d0\u6240\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u540e\u6765\u5230\u5317\u4eac\u7ec8\u4e8e\u89c1\u5230\u4e86\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5f53\u9762\u611f\u8c22\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u5f53\u5e74\u628a\u4ed6\u5e26\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728 1950 \u5e74\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u53d1\u73b0\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6742\u8d28\u80fd\u7ea7\u5bfc\u7535\u7406\u8bba\u540e\uff0c\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u9886\u57df\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u524d\u5f80\u82f1\u56fd\u4f1a\u89c1\u83ab\u7279\uff0c\u83ab\u7279\u5f53\u65f6\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5229\u7269\u6d66\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7684\u9886\u519b\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u5411\u4ed6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u83ab\u7279\u5f53\u65f6\u5bf9\u4f4d\u9519\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u8fd8\u5f88\u70ed\u60c5\u5730\u5e0c\u671b\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u548c\u4ed6\u4e00\u8d77\u505a\u4f4d\u9519\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u636e\u9ec4\u6606\u8bb2\uff0c\u83ab\u7279\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\u5728\u67d0\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u4ec0\u4e48\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5c31\u5168\u529b\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u5b83\u5185\u5bb9\u5c31\u653e\u4e0b\u4e86\u3002\u5230\u4e86 1956 \u5e74\uff0c\u83ab\u7279\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u6d2a\u5148\u751f\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6709\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a 1958 \u5e74\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff08P.W. Anderson\uff09\u5c40\u57df\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u9002\u65f6\u63d0\u51fa\uff08\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7814\u7a76\u5c40\u57df\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c31\u662f\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\uff09\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4ea4\u4f1a\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86 60 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u53d8\u7a0b\u8df3\u8dc3\u5bfc\u7535\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c1977 \u5e74\u83ab\u7279\u548c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u90fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u65e0\u5e8f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1956 \u5e74\u5e95\u4e25\u6d4e\u6148\u4e3a\u56e2\u957f\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u8d74\u82cf\u8054\u8003\u5bdf\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u56e2\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u6709\u738b\u5b88\u6b66\u3001\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u3001\u6210\u4f17\u5fd7\u3001\u5434\u9521\u4e5d\u7b49\uff0c\u5386\u65f6 2 \u4e2a\u591a\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u53c2\u89c2\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82cf\u65b9\u63d0\u51fa\u60f3\u542c\u542c\u4e2d\u65b9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e25\u6d4e\u6148\u63a8\u8350\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u505a\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u5c31\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u6742\u8d28\u80fd\u7ea7\u5bfc\u7535\u5de5\u4f5c\u505a\u4e86\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u82cf\u8054\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u74e6\u7ef4\u6d1b\u592b\u7269\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7684\u6717\u9053\uff08L.D. Landau\uff0c1962 \u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\uff09\u548c\u5361\u76ae\u67e5\uff08P.L. Kapitza,1978 \u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\uff09\u542c\u5b8c\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u611f\u5230\u5f88\u9707\u60ca\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u53ef\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u5927\u52a0\u8d5e\u8d4f\uff0c\u6717\u9053\u4ee5\u524d\u5c31\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6ca1\u60f3\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u89c1\u5230\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u672c\u4eba\u3002\u968f\u540e\u5728\u6717\u9053\u7684\u63a8\u8350\u4e0b\uff0c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5176\u5b83\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u7eb7\u7eb7\u9080\u8bf7\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u53bb\u505a\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u8ba9\u672c\u6765\u770b\u4e0d\u8d77\u4e2d\u56fd\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u4eba\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u8083\u7136\u8d77\u656c\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5f20\u6bbf\u7433\u9662\u58eb\u95ee\u8d77\u4ed6\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u5e74\u4e0d\u56de\u56fd\u800c\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9881\u7ed9\u4ed6\u65f6\uff0c\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u6c89\u601d\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\uff0c\u6447\u4e86\u6447\u5934\u8bf4\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u5982\u679c\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u672a\u52a8\u6447\u548c\u540e\u6094\u56de\u56fd\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u4f4e\u6e29\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8377\u5170\u83b1\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u9876\u5c16\u7684\u4f4e\u6e29\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5176\u4f4e\u6e29\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u662f\u4ee5\u5361\u672b\u6797\u2022\u6602\u7eb3\u65af\uff08K. Kamerlingh Onnes\uff09\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\u3002\u6602\u7eb3\u65af\u6700\u5148\u5b9e\u73b0 He \u6db2\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8d85\u5bfc\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u8005\u30021950\uff0d1951 \u5e74\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u4f4e\u6e29\u7684\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u7406\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u5373\u4ed6\u4e8e 1951 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e0e P.Winkel \u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u8d85\u6d41 He II \u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e34\u754c\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u7531\u4e8eGorter-Mellink \u4e92\u6469\u64e6\u8017\u6563\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u65f6 P.Winkel \u662f\u5728 Leidon 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1980 \u5e74\u4ed6\u5411\u4e2d\u79d1\u9662\u5efa\u8bae\u6210\u7acb\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u4f4e\u6e29\u6280\u672f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7ea7\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u62c5\u4efb\u9996\u4efb\u4e3b\u4efb\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f4e\u6e29\u6e29\u6807\uff1b\u6db2\u6c26\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f9b\u5e94\u7ad9\uff1b\u6750\u6599\u4f4e\u6e29\u529b\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff1b\u6750\u6599\u70ed\u7269\u6027\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff1b\u5f3a\u78c1\u573a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff1b\u5c0f\u578b\u5236\u51b7\u673a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7b49\uff0c\u5728 1996 \u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u201c\u6781\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u7406\u5f00\u653e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u201d\uff08\u8be5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4 1999 \u5e74\u8f6c\u5165\u7269\u7406\u6240\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f00\u653e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff09\u3002\u4f9d\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u4f4e\u6e29\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6309\u7740\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u6a21\u5f0f\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5168\u8eab\u5fc3\u5730\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u4f4e\u6e29\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u89c6\u5728\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u4f4e\u6e29\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e13\u4e1a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08International Cryogenic Engineering Committee \uff0cICEC\uff09\u7684\u59d4\u5458 (1980-1992)\uff0c\u4ed6\u79ef\u6781\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u540c\u884c\u53c2\u52a0\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u672f\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f4e\u6e29\u79d1\u6280\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e13\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u5ea6\uff0c1989 \u5e74\uff0c\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u5188\u5c71\u7406\u79d1\u5927\u5b66\u4fe1\u8d35\u8c50\u4e00\u90ce\u6559\u6388(Toyoichiro SHIGI, Okayama Univ. Science) \u5171\u540c\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u4e2d\u65e5\u4f4e\u6e29\u5236\u51b7\u673a\u5b66\u672f\u5b9a\u671f\u4ea4\u6d41\u4f1a\uff08Joint Sino-Japanese Seminar on Cryocoolers and Concerned Topics\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0 JSJS\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u5217\u4f1a\u8bae\u589e\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e2d\u65e5\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u56fd\u540c\u884c\uff0c\u8ddf\u4e0a\u672c\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u65b9\u5411\u5e76\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u79ef\u6781\u9080\u8bf7\u56fd\u9645\u8457\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u6765\u534e\u8fdb\u884c\u5b66\u672f\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u4ee5\u63a8\u52a8\u56fd\u9645\u95f4\u5b66\u672f\u4ea4\u6d41\u548c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u56fd\u5185\u79d1\u6280\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4ece 1966 \u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u6709\u591a\u4f4d\u4e16\u754c\u9876\u7ea7\u7684\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5230\u8bbf\u7269\u7406\u6240\u548c\u4f4e\u6e29\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\uff081\uff09\u82f1\u56fd\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u95e8\u5fb7\u5c14\u677e\uff08Kurt Mendelssohn\uff0c1906-1980\uff09\u3002\u65e9\u5728 1960 \u5e74\u4ed6\u5c31\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u540d\u4e3a \u300aCryophysics\u300b\u7684\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e13\u8457\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u7bc7\u5e45\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u7406\u7684\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u5206\u652f\u9886\u57df\u3002\u6211\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e 1965 \u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u7531\u8bb8\u56fd\u6bb7\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff0c\u4f7f\u5927\u6279\u521a\u521a\u5165\u95e8\u7684\u4f4e\u6e29\u79d1\u6280\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4ece\u4e2d\u83b7\u76ca\u3002\u95e8\u5fb7\u5c14\u677e\u66fe\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u6000\u6709\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u611f\u60c5\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u4e09\u6b21\u6765\u8bbf\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f53\u65f6\u5fd9\u4e8e\u4f4e\u6e29\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e13\u5bb6\u95e8\u5f00\u9614\u4e86\u89c6\u91ce\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff082\uff09\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u6768\u632f\u5b81\u3001\u674e\u653f\u9053\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u88ab\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6240\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5434\u5065\u96c4\u6559\u6388\u7b49\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u653e\u5c04\u6027 <sup>60<\/sup>Co \u8870\u53d8\u6781\u4f4e\u6e29\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff083\uff09\u4e24\u6b21\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u5df4\u4e01\uff08J. Bardeen\uff09\u30021980 \u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u8d85\u5bfc\u673a\u7406\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u62a5\u544a\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u6280\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u65b0\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u63a2\u7d22\u6dfb\u4e86\u4e00\u628a\u706b\u30021987 \u5e74\u5728\u9ad8\u6e29\u8d85\u5bfc\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\uff08\u4ee5\u8d75\u5fe0\u8d24\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\uff09\u8dfb\u8eab\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u65b9\u961f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff084\uff09\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a(Royal Society) \u6700\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u4f1a\u5458 Anthony Leggett\u3002\u4ed6 1983 \u5e74\u8bbf\u95ee\u5317\u4eac\uff0c20003 \u5e74\u56e0\u5176\u5728\u8d85\u6d41\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u83b7\u5f97\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5956\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff085\uff09\u82ac\u5170\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u5927\u5b66\uff08Helsinki University of Technology, Finland\uff09\u6559\u6388 O. V. Lounasmaa \u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u56fd\u9645 1K \u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6280\u672f\u7684\u9886\u519b\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6765\u8bbf\u5927\u5927\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u6211\u56fd\u7a00\u91ca\u5236\u51b7\u673a\u7684\u7814\u5236\uff08\u5189\u542f\u6cfd\u7b49\uff09\u548c 1K \u4ee5\u4e0b\u6781\u4f4e\u6e29\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u5f00\u5c55\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7269\u7406\u6240\u7684\u5434\u4ee4\u5b89\u6559\u6388\u5728 1971-1981 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P.Winkel \u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u8d85\u6d41 He II \u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u4e34\u754c\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u7531\u4e8e Gorter-Mellink \u4e92\u6469\u64e6\u8017\u6563\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u6c22\u3001\u6c26\u6db2\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u56fd\u5185\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u7406\u3001\u8d85\u5bfc\u548c\u4f4e\u6e29\u6280\u672f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4\uff09\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u7406\u3001\u4f4e\u6e29\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u624d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u4e3b\u8981\u8bba\u8457<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hung C S\uff08\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\uff09, Gliessman J R. 1950. The resistivity and hall effect of germanium at low temper peratures. Phys Rev (Lett), 79: 726.<\/p>\n<p>Hung C S. 1950. Theory of resistivity and hall Effect at very low temperatures. Phys Rev (Lett), 79: 727. Hung C S, Johnson V A. 1950. Resistivity of semiconductors containing both acceptors and donors,Phys Rev ( Lett), 79: 535<\/p>\n<p>Hung C S. 1950. Thermionic emission from oxide cathodes: retarding and accelerating fields. J Appl Phys, 21(1): 37.<\/p>\n<p>Hung C S, Baum R M. 1952. Activation energy of heat treatment introduced lattice defects in germanium. Phys Rev, 88(1): 134.<\/p>\n<p>Hung C S, Hunt B, Winkel P. 1952. Transport phenomena of liquid helium II in narrow slits. Physica, 18(8\/9): 629.<\/p>\n<p>Hung C S, Gliessman J R. 1954. Resistivity and hall effect of germanium at low temperatures. Phys Rev, 96: 1226.<\/p>\n<p>Hung C S\uff0c1980. Cryogenics in China. Prpc. of ICEC 8, edited by C. 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Proc. of ICEC 18, Mumbai, India, 59<\/p>\n<p>\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\uff0c\u56fd\u5916\u4f4e\u6e29\u8d85\u5bfc\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f4e\u6e29\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c1981 \u5e74\u7b2c\u4e8c\u671f\uff0cPP 1-77<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e3b\u8981\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6797\u5fd7\u5fe0. 2010. \u666e\u6e21\u7410\u8bb0\u2014\u2014\u4ece 2010 \u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5316\u5b66\u5956\u8c08\u8d77. \u7269\u7406, 39(11): 773.<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u5236\u51b7\u53f2\uff0c\u6f58\u79cb\u751f\u4e3b\u7f16\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2008<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u64b0\u5199\u8005<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u674e\u6765\u98ce\uff081964\uff5e\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7406\u5316\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u3002\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6211\u56fd\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u7406\u3001\u8d85\u5bfc\u548c\u4f4e\u6e29\u5de5\u7a0b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5f00\u62d3\u8005\u548c\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u2014\u2014\u6d2a\u671d\u751f\u5148\u751f\u4e8e\u56e0\u75c5\u533b\u6cbb\u65e0\u6548\uff0c\u4e8e2018\u5e748\u670819\u65e510\u65f610\u5206\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u4e0d\u5e78\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7498\u5c81\u3002\u4e3a\u7f05\u6000\u6d2a\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u5c0f&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-151965","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-yejie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"\/\/m.iemloyee.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/151965"}],"collection":[{"href":"\/\/m.iemloyee.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"\/\/m.iemloyee.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/m.iemloyee.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/m.iemloyee.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=151965"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"\/\/m.iemloyee.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/151965\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":151973,"href":"\/\/m.iemloyee.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/151965\/revisions\/151973"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"\/\/m.iemloyee.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=151965"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/m.iemloyee.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=151965"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/m.iemloyee.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=151965"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}